●英語閱讀
Have you ever felt butterflies in your stomach when you had to give a speech? Have you ever had a “1)gut feeling” about something? If it sometimes seems like your gut has a mind of its own, that’s because it does! The enteric nervous system, which is located in the tissue lining the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon, is made up of over 100 million 2)neurons—more than the spinal cord.
No wonder some scientists call it our ”second brain.” Why does your gut require so much “brainpower”? 3)Digestion is complicated, and your “gut brain” is responsible for managing the entire process. This includes moving food through the gut, breaking it down mechanically and chemically, and regulating the absorption of nutrients.
●中譯
當你必須發表演說時，你可曾感覺胃翻騰不已？你可曾「打從心底知道」某事？如果你有時覺得你的腸胃好像有自己的腦袋，那是因為它真的有！位於食道、胃、小腸和大腸壁組織裡的腸道神經系統，是由超過一億個神經元組成──比脊髓神經還多。難怪有科學家稱它是我們的「第二個腦」。為什麼你的腸胃需要那麼多「腦力」呢？消化是很複雜的， 而你的「腸腦」要負責整個過程，包括在腸胃道運送食物、進行物理及化學分解，以及調節營養素的吸收。
英檢字彙 Vocabulary Bank
1) gut (n.) 腸子，腹部
It takes about a day for food to pass through the gut.
2) neuron (n.) 神經細胞，神經元
There are billions of neurons in the human brain.
3) digestion (n.) 消化，消化作用
Green tea is good for the digestion.
EZ 好用句型Tongue-tied No More
butterflies in one’s stomach 忐忑不安，心神不寧
中文有所謂「心頭十五個吊桶打水，七上八下」，跟這句英文直譯為「胃裡有許多蝴蝶飛來飛去」，同樣都在形容因緊張而胃裡一陣翻騰的感覺。
A: Do you ever get butterflies in your
stomach before a performance?
你曾經在表演之前有忐忑不安的感覺嗎？
B: I used to, but not anymore.
我以前會，但現在不會了。
●英語閱讀
So why doesn’t the brain in your 1)skull control digestion? This is probably because the gut brain developed first. For early animals, getting 2)nutrition was more important than anything else, and the first nervous systems developed mainly for this purpose. As life 3)evolved, animals developed more complex brains to compete for survival, but the gut brain was still important, and the two remained largely independent. This relationship can be seen in the development of the human fetus. The enteric nervous system and central nervous system (including the brain) develop from the same piece of tissue, and only later become connected by the vagus nerve, which allows the two brains to communicate.
●中譯
那麼，為什麼你頭顱裡的大腦不負責控制消化呢？這大概是因為腸腦是最先形成的。對原始動物來說，攝取營養比什麼都重要，所以第一套神經系統主要就是為此目的發展的。隨著生物演化，動物為了力求生存而發展出較複雜的大腦，但腸腦依然重要，而這兩個系統大致上仍保持獨立運作， 這種關係在人類胎兒發育時就看得出來。腸道神經系統與中樞神經系統 （包括腦部）是從同一個組織發展出來，後來才演變為由迷走神經來連結，讓這兩個腦得以交流信息。
英檢字彙 Vocabulary Bank
1) skull (n.) 頭骨；頭顱
The skull protects the brain from injury.
2) nutrient (n./a.) 營養物質；營養的
The blood carries nutrients to every part of the body.
3) evolve (v.) 演變，演化
Is it true that humans evolved from apes?
英語通 Language Guide
本文出現的神經系統
● central nervous system 中樞神經系統。神經系統可分為中樞神經系統，以及周邊神經系統。周邊神經系統的作用是將感官接收到的刺激傳到中樞神經系統，再將中樞神經系統的訊息傳至肌肉，使身體運動。
● enteric nervous system 腸道神經系統，也稱為「腸間神經叢」，屬於周邊神經系統。周邊神經系統包含控制身體自主運動功能的軀體神經系統、掌管身體非自主運動功能的自主神經系統，以及腸道神經系統。
●英語閱讀
While you may think that the brain is in charge of the relationship, most of the communication is 1)upwardthe gut is never shy about telling the brain how it feels. For example, when you eat bad food, your gut informs your brain with nausea or 2)cramps. Have you ever had nightmares after you eat something 3)spicy? That’s also your gut talking to your brain. Not all of the news is bad, thoughjust think of the feeling of satisfaction you have after eating a good meal. When your brain talks to your gut, however, the news is never good. When you experience fear, your brain releases stress hormones that stimulate nerves in the stomach, causing those “butterflies” that we’re all so familiar with.
●中譯
你或許認為大腦是這種關係中的掌控者，但大部分的訊息交流其實是向上傳遞的──腸胃從不羞於告訴大腦它有何感覺。舉個例子，當你吃到有害食物時，你的腸胃會透過反胃或痙攣來通知你的大腦。你有沒有吃辛辣食物之後半夜做惡夢的經驗？那也是因為你的腸胃在跟大腦說話。但並非所有消息都是不好的──不妨回想你吃了一頓好料之後的滿足感。然而，若換成你的大腦對腸胃說話，就絕不會是好消息了。當你感覺恐懼時，你的大腦會分泌壓力荷爾蒙刺激胃部神經，引發我們都再熟悉不過的「翻騰」感。
英檢字彙 Vocabulary Bank
1)upward (a./adv.) 向上（地）
The stock market is on an upward trend despite high oil prices.
2)cramp (n.) 抽筋，痙攣
Do you ever get cramps when you exercise?
3)spicy (a.) 辛辣的
Spicy food gives me indigestion.
Grammar Master文法解析
say、talk 和 speak 的差別
●say 指說出來的文字內容，或是唸出來的東西
There’s a small sign saying, “Do not feed the animals.”
有個小標誌寫道：「勿餵食動物。」
●talk 指用語言溝通交談，有實質內容的交流
●英語閱讀
Under normal 1)circumstances, serotonin—a neurotransmitter shared by both brains—is responsible for starting and regulating digestion. When you’re really afraid, however, your brain tells your gut to release more serotonin than usual, causing diarrhea,2)vomiting or both. Why? Because it’s easier to react to a dangerous situation on an empty stomach. This explains why Prozac and similar antidepressants, which improve mood by increasing serotonin levels, cause 3)symptoms like diarrhea and nausea in many patients. And serotonin isn’t the only neurotransmitter that the two brains have in common. “Every neurotransmitter that exists in our brain also exists in the gut, without exception,” says Dr. Michael Gershon, author of The Second Brain.
●中譯
在正常情況下，血清素（大腦和腸胃都會分泌的神經傳導素）會負責啟動及調節消化。但是當你很恐懼時，你的大腦會叫腸胃分泌比平常多的血清素，造成腹瀉、嘔吐，或兩者都有。為什麼？因為當胃中空無一物時，處理危險情況比較容易。這就是為什麼百憂解和其他類似的抗憂鬱藥物（這些藥物藉由增加血清素濃度來提振心情），在許多病患身上會產生腹瀉和噁心的症狀。而血清素不是大腦和腸胃唯一共有的神經傳導素。「每一種存在於我們大腦裡的神經傳導素，腸胃裡也有，無一例外，」《第二個腦》一書的作者麥可葛敻醫師說。
英檢字彙 Vocabulary Bank
1) circumstance (n.) 情況，情勢
Police are investigating the circumstances of the man!|s death.
2) vomiting (n.) 嘔吐
Side effects of the drug include vomiting and cramps.
3) symptom (n.) 症狀
The symptoms of food poisoning include stomach pain and fever.
英語通 Language Guide
常見的胃部毛病說法
● heartburn 胃灼熱
● acid reflux (gastroesophageal reflux) 胃食道逆流
● indigestion (dyspepsia) 消化不良
● ulcer/peptic ulcer 胃潰瘍／消化性潰瘍
● gastritis 胃炎
neurotransmitter 神經傳導素
神經傳導素是神經細胞傳遞的特殊分子，神經細胞將其釋放到神經突觸 (synapse) 間隙後，透過離子擴散作用抵達另一個細胞的受體，藉此傳遞神經訊息。我們常聽到的血清素 (serotonin)、多巴胺 (dopamine) 等，都是腦中常見的神經傳導素。
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